For some years now, NASA has been using what are called thermoelectric materials to power its space probes. The probes travel such great distances from our sun that solar panels are no longer an efficient source of power. So NASA imbeds a nuclear material in a radioisotope thermal generator, where it decays, producing heat energy. That energy is then converted by thermoelectric materials into the electricity that powers the space probe. The same technology is now being explored for more earthly applications, for example, to capture heat lost in the exhaust of automobiles to produce electricity for the vehicle.

Thermoelectric materials are a hot new technology that is now being studied intensively by researchers funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Frontier Research Centers. Oliver Delaire, a Shull fellow at ORNL, is part of such a collaboration, this one led by an EFRC at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Delaire uses neutron scattering and computer simulation to investigate the microscopic structure and dynamics of thermoelectric materials so that researchers can make them more efficient for new, energy-saving applications.

Thermoelectrics are adaptable for both heating and for cooling applications. These materials can convert low-grade heat that is wasted in an industrial process, or in the exhaust system of a vehicle, into electricity. Or they can transport heat from an external source of power and manipulate it to cool a surface.

But there are limitations in the materials themselves. "Right now the materials may be on the order of 10 percent efficiency," Delaire said. "If we can make them two or three times better, if we can get 30% efficiency, that would get people very excited, and it would be much more viable economically."

The researchers want to improve their understanding of phonons, the atomic vibrations that transport heat through thermoelectric materials. "Neutron scattering is unmatched in its ability to probe the atomic vibrations in the crystals," Delaire said. "This is one of the fundamental blocks in the process that we need to understand better."

At ORNL, Delaire and his collaborators are using the Time of Flight spectrometers at SNS-ARCS and CNCS-and the HB-3 Triple-Axis Spectrometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor.

"The SNS instruments offer more power," Delaire said. "They can sample the whole parameter space very efficiently. They offer a unique opportunity in a single experiment to sample all the types of atomic vibrations, all the phonons inside the solid. And once we have this information, we can reconstruct the microscopic thermoconductivity, which is really the property we are trying to understand."

The single crystals are grown at ORNL. There are two high-temperature materials, PbTe (lead telluride) and La3Te4 (lanthanum telluride) for heat recovery and FeSi (iron silicide) for refrigeration applications. Single crystals offer advantages in neutron science. They can be measured on the TOF instruments at a series of orientations, each orientation giving a comprehensive data set. Combining these sets gives the researchers a complete picture, much like tomography.

"By doing this experiment using the high neutron flux here at SNS we are able to really map out the space, and that is really where the big advance is," Delaire said. "Previously we were only able to look at a few points in the space, and that is like looking with a flashlight. With the flux we have at SNS, we turn on the overhead lights and see the whole room all at once."

Once they have a view of the volume of data, the researchers then use the triple-axis spectrometer at HFIR to zero in and look at pinpoints of phonon vibrations in that region. Next, ab initio computational methods simulate the data that the instruments have generated. These simulations are based on quantum mechanics, which gives the researchers a direct comparison between the neutron science measurements and fundamental theory and theoretical predictions.

In 2010, the researchers uncovered an important coupling between thermal disorder and the electronic structure of FeSi. This type of coupling between thermal disorder and electronic structure at finite temperature could prove to be important in many materials, including thermoelectrics. The research involves a dozen investigators, including Delaire and David Singh, a solid-state theorist in materials science at ORNL. Samples are also contributed by researchers at Boston College. Delaire, Singh and some of the MIT researchers are involved in the computation.

Source: PhysOrg

More information: O. Delaire , et al. Phonon softening and metallization of a narrow-gap semiconductor by thermal disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PNAS March 22, 2011 vol. 108 no. 12 4725-4730

Brian C. Sales, et al. "Thermoelectric properties of FeSi and Related Alloys: Evidence for Strong Electron-Phonon Coupling," PACS: 72.20.Pa, 63.20.Kd. Accepted in Phys. Rev. B.

Provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Avete mai prestato attenzione al modo in cui i gatti bevono il latte? Uno scienziato ci ha fatto caso e ne è rimasto tanto incuriosito da studiarlo scientificamente. Scoprendo che per bere i gatti sfruttano i principi di equilibrio della fisica. (Silvia Artana)

Che i gatti siano degli acrobati lo sanno tutti. Ma che il loro innato senso dell’equilibrio non li abbandona neanche quando “lappano” il latte è una novità. Ad affermarlo è un gruppo di ricercatori di MIT, Virginia Tech e Princeton University, tre delle principali e prestigiose università statunitensi che hanno unito i loro sforzi per scoprire che… gatti domestici e grandi felini per bere sfruttano il perfetto equilibrio tra due forze fisiche, l'inerzia e la gravità, che essi stessi creano nel liquido.

Lingua "a mestolo"

L’idea di studiare la meccanica della lappata è venuta a Roman Stocker, esperto di fluidodinamica, un giorno in cui stava osservando il suo gatto Cutta Cutta leccare il latte da una ciotola. Grazie a un filmato girato nel lontano 1940, Stocker già sapeva che per bere i gatti protendono verso il basso la lingua con la punta ripiegata all’indietro come una “J” maiuscola per formare una specie di mestolo. Il filmato mostrava che la punta era la prima parte della lingua a sfiorare il latte, ma non spiegava come il gatto facesse a ingerire il liquido.

Una cannuccia virtuale

Grazie a filmati ad alta velocità i ricercatori hanno scoperto che i gatti sfiorano la superficie del latte con la punta della lingua e poi la ritraggono velocemente, creando una colonna di liquido tra la superficie e la lingua in movimento. A quel punto “bevono” l’estremità superiore della colonna, che è il risultato di un perfetto equilibrio tra la gravità che spinge il liquido verso il basso e l’inerzia che tende a mantenerne invariato lo stato.

I gatti, e più in generale tutti i felini, sanno istintivamente la velocità con cui muovere la lingua per ottenere questo bilanciamento di forze, così come conoscono il momento giusto per inghiottire il liquido. Se sbagliassero anche solo di una frazione di secondo, la gravità supererebbe l’inerzia e la colonna si romperebbe, ricadendo nella ciotola e lasciandoli letteralmente a bocca asciutta.

I gatti masticano matematica quando bevono

Il perfetto equilibrio tra inerzia e gravità che genera la colonna di liquido è stato descritto scientificamente da Stocker sviluppando un modello matematico che utilizza il numero di Froude, un numero adimensionale che esprime il rapporto tra la forza di inerzia, uguale al prodotto della massa di un corpo per la sua accelerazione, e la forza di gravità, pari al prodotto della massa di un corpo per la gravità che su di esso agisce. Utilizzando i dati empirici relativi alla velocità di movimento e al peso della lingua, i ricercatori hanno scoperto che per tutti i felini, di qualsiasi dimensione, il numero di Froude è sempre quasi esattamente uguale a 1, a conferma di un equilibrio perfetto.

Fonte: Focus.it

... CONTINUA.

7. Nick Ut - Phan Thi Kim Phuc, fuga din calea bombei cu napalm

Pe 8 iunie 1972, America bombarda cu napalm Trang Bang, o provincie din sud-estul Vietnamului, iar populatia fugea ingrozita incercand sa scape cu viata. Realizatorul imaginii, Nick Ut, a castigat mai multe premii pentru fotografie, inclusiv un Pulitzer.

8. John Filo - demonstranti la Kent State University

Pe 4 mai 1970, membri ai garzii nationale din Ohio au tras in multimea de demonstranti de la Kent State University - au ucis patru si au ranit grav noua. Acest eveniment dramatic a dus la un val de proteste in mai multe universitati din toata America.

9. William Anders - Pamantul fotografiat in timpul misiunii Apollo 8

Realizata in 1968 de astronautul William Andres, fotografia este considerata una dintre cele mai de impact imagini cu Terra luate vreodata si a aparut pe o emisie de timbre din 1969.

VA URMA...

On May 1, 2011 Pres. Barack Obama appeared on national television with the spontaneous announcement that Osama bin Laden, the purported organizer of the tragic events of September 11th 2001, was killed by military forces in Pakistan.

Within moments, a media blitz ran across virtually all television networks in what could only be described as a grotesque celebratory display, reflective of a level of emotional immaturity that borders on cultural psychosis. Depictions of people running through the streets of New York and Washington chanting jingoistic American slogans, waving their flags like the members of some cult, praising the death of another human being, reveals yet another layer of this sickness we call modern society.

It is not the scope of this response to address the political usage of such an event or to illuminate the staged orchestration of how public perception was to be controlled by the mainstream media and the United States Government. Rather the point of this article is to express the gross irrationality apparent and how our culture becomes so easily fixed and emotionally charged with respect to surface symbology, rather than true root problems, solutions or rational considerations of circumstance.

The first and most obvious point is that the death of Osama bin Laden means nothing when it comes to the problem of international terrorism. His death simply serves as a catharsis for a culture that has a neurotic fixation on revenge and retribution. The very fact that the Government which, from a psychological standpoint, has always served as a paternal figure for it citizens, reinforces the idea that murdering people is a solution to anything should be enough for most of us to take pause and consider the quality of the values coming out of the zeitgeist itself.

However, beyond the emotional distortions and tragic, vindictive pattern of rewarding the continuation of human division and violence comes a more practical consideration regarding what the problem really is and the importance of that problem with respect to priority.

The death of any human being is of an immeasurable consequence in society. It is never just the death of the individual. It is the death of relationships, companionship, support and the integrity of familial and communal environments. The unnecessary deaths of 3000 people on September 11, 2001 is no more or no less important than the deaths of those during the World Wars, via cancer and disease, accidents or anything else.

As a society, it is safe to say that we seek a world that strategically limits all such unnecessary consequences through social approaches that allow for the greatest safety our ingenuity can create. It is in this context that the neurotic obsession with the events of September 11th, 2001 become gravely insulting and detrimental to progress. An environment has now been created where outrageous amounts of money, resources and energy is spent seeking and destroying very small subcultures of human beings that pose ideological differences and act on those differences through violence.

Yet, in the United States alone each year, roughly 30,000 people die from automobile accidents, the majority of which could be stopped by very simple structural changes. That's ten 9/11's each year... yet no one seems to pine over this epidemic. Likewise, over 1 million Americans die from heart disease and cancer annually - causes of which are now easily linked to environmental influences in the majority. Yet, regardless of the over 330 9/11's occurring each year in this context, the governmental budget allocations for research on these illnesses is only a small fraction of the money spent on “anti-terrorism” operations.

Such a list could go on and on with regard to the perversion of priority when it comes to what it means to truly save and protect human life and I hope many out there can recognize the severe imbalance we have at hand with respect to our values.

So, coming back to the point of revenge and retribution, I will conclude this response with a quote from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., likely the most brilliant intuitive mind when it came to conflict and the power of non-violence. On September 15, 1963 a Birmingham Alabama church was bombed, killing four little girls attending Sunday school.

In a public address, Dr. King stated:

“What murdered these four girls? Look around. You will see that many people that you never thought about participated in this evil act. So tonight all of us must leave here with a new determination to struggle. God has a job for us to do. Maybe our mission is to save the soul of America. We can't save the soul of this nation throwing bricks. We can't save the soul of this nation getting our ammunitions and going out shooting physical weapons. We must know that we have something much more powerful. Just take up the ammunition of love.”

- Dr. Martin Luther King, 1963 -

~Peter Joseph

www.thezeitgeistmovement.com

... CONTINUA.

10. Alfred Eisenstaedt - ziua victoriei in Times Square

Realizata pe 14 august 1945, fotografia a aparut o saptamana mai tarziu in revista "Life", iar femeia din imagine, identificata intre timp, a murit anul trecut.

11. Malcolm Browne - Thich Quang Duc, care si-a dat foc, in Saigon

Pe 11 iunie 1963, Thich Quang Duc si-a dat foc in semn de protest impotriva persecutiei la care erau supusi budistii de catre administratia din Vietnamul de sud. Autojertfirea sa a atras atentia asupra regimului lui Ngo Dinh Diem.

12. Frank Powolny - Betty Grable, pin-up girl

In 1943, Betty Grable a pozat ca pin-up girl, iar postere cu aceasta imagine au fost la loc de cinste in dulapurile militarilor americani, in timpul celui de-al doilea razboi mondial.

VA URMA...

As part of the quest to form perfectly smooth single-molecule layers of materials for advanced energy, electronic, and medical devices, researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have discovered that the molecules in thin films remain frozen at a temperature where the bulk material is molten. Thin molecular films have a range of applications extending from organic solar cells to biosensors, and understanding the fundamental aspects of these films could lead to improved devices.

The study, which appears in the April 1, 2011, edition of Physical Review Letters, is the first to directly observe "surface freezing" at the buried interface between bulk liquids and solid surfaces.

"In most materials, you expect that the surface will start to disorder and eventually melt at a temperature where the bulk remains solid," said Brookhaven physicist Ben Ocko, who collaborated on the research with scientists from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), in France, and Bar-Ilan University, in Israel. "This is because the molecules on the outside are less confined than those packed in the deeper layers and much more able to move around. But surface freezing contradicts this basic idea. In surface freezing, the interfacial layers freeze before the bulk."

In the early 1990s, two independent teams (one at Brookhaven) made the first observation of surface freezing at the vapor interface of bulk alkanes, organic molecules similar to those in candle wax that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Surface freezing has since been observed in a range of simple chain molecules and at various interfaces between them.

"The mechanics of surface freezing are still a mystery," said Bar Ilan scientist Moshe Deutsch. "It's puzzling why alkanes and their derivatives show this unusual effect, while virtually all other materials exhibit the opposite, surface melting, effect."

In the most recent study, the researchers discovered that surface freezing also occurs at the interface between a liquid and a solid surface. In a temperature-controlled environment at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source and the ESRF, the group made contact between a piece of highly polished sapphire and a puddle of liquid alkanol — a long-chain alcohol. The researchers shot a beam of high-intensity x-rays through the interface and by measuring how the x-rays reflected off the sample, the group revealed that the alkanol molecules at the sapphire surface behave very differently from those in the bulk liquid.

According to ESRF scientist Diego Pontoni, "Surprisingly, the alkanol molecules form a perfect frozen monolayer at the sapphire interface at temperatures where the bulk is still liquid." At sufficiently high temperatures, about 30 degrees Celsius above the melting temperature of the bulk alkanol, the monolayer also melts.

The temperature range over which this frozen monolayer exists is about 10 times greater than what's observed at the liquid-vapor interfaces of similar materials. According to Alexei Tkachenko, a theoretical physicist who works at Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials , "The temperature range of the surface-frozen layer and its temperature-dependent thickness can be described by a very simple model that we developed. What is remarkable is that the surface layer does not freeze abruptly as in the case of ice, or any other crystal. Rather, a smooth transition occurs over a temperature range of several degrees."

Said Ocko, "These films are better ordered and smoother than all other organic monolayer films created to date."

Moshe Deutsch added, "The results of this study and the theoretical framework which it provides may lead to new ideas on how to make defect-free, single molecule-thick films."

Source: physorg

Provided by Brookhaven National Laboratory

Lo scinco delle nevi può determinare il sesso della propria prole in base alle condizioni climatiche. Secondo i ricercatori si tratta di una sofisticata strategia evolutiva. Ma a cosa serve? E può funzionare anche nell’uomo?

Vuoi dei figli maschi? Trasferisciti al freddo, ma solo se sei uno scinco delle nevi (Niveoscincus ocellatus). Questo rettile australiano oviviparo è infatti in grado di influenzare il sesso della propria prole in base a fattori ambientali come la temperatura e l’altitudine.

Ido Pen e i suoi colleghi dell’Università di Gronigen (Paesi Bassi) hanno studiato due colonie di scinchi che abitano in Tasmania (Australia) rispettivamente sul livello del mare e a 900 metri di altitudine e hanno scoperto che questi animali, pur appartenendo alla stessa specie, adottano strategie riproduttive diverse: negli scinchi della pianura il fattore principale che determina il sesso dei nascituri è la temperatura esterna, mentre in quelli che abitano in quota gli elementi determinanti sono di origine genetica. Ma a cosa serve poter decidere il sesso dei propri figli?

Femmine calienti...

Secondo Pen poter determinare il sesso della prole in base al clima è un vantaggio. Il caldo influisce sulla crescita dei piccoli e quindi è un elemento importante nel successo riproduttivo degli scinchi. <>, spiega Pen. E così nelle stagioni calde nascono più femmine, mentre in quelle fresche nascono più maschi. E la situazione globale è di equilibrio.

... e maschi freddolosi

Per gli scinchi di montagna le cose invece sono più complesse: l’instabilità del clima che alterna estati estremamente calde e secche ad altre fredde e piovose rende pericolosa la determinazione del sesso dei nascituri in base alla temperatura: nelle annate fredde si avrebbero solo maschi, in quelle calde solo femmine. Non è certo una situazione ottimale e così i rettili si affidano alla genetica, che permette di mantere un giusto rapporto tra i sessi.

Matematicamente sicuro

Per stabilire quale dei due sistemi evolutivi avrebbe prevalso nelle due comunità i ricercatori si sono basati sulle osservazioni sperimentali e su un modello matematico: << Nella riprouzione di questi rettili agiscono due forze opposte: la determinazione climatica del sesso dei nascituri, che sembra favorire la prolificazione, e le variazioni di temperatura da un anno all’altro che minacciano la continuità della specie>>, spiega Pen.

Bufale e falsi miti

I biologi si interessano da decenni ai meccanismi che nei rettili portano allo sviluppo di individui di sesso diverso. Nei mammiferi il sesso del nascituro è definito dalla combinazione dei cromosomi sessuali X e Y che sono molto diversi tra loro mentre nei rettili sono praticamente identici. <>
Ma nell’uomo? É possibile determinare consciamente il sesso dei propri figli? Secondo la scienza no, anche se qualche ricerca afferma il contrario. Ed esiste comunque una ricca letteratura popolare che vede il giorno del concepimento, le fasi lunari o l’alimentazione dei genitori come elementi in grado di influire sul il sesso del bambino. Per chi ci crede...

Fonte: Focus.it

ZM Global Radio is a weekly radio show presented by various active coordinators of The Zeitgeist Movement in a rotational fashion. These broadcasts discuss the developments and aims of The Zeitgeist Movement.

Friends,

This wednesday May 4th 2011 at 4pm EDT Cliff Faber, coordinator of the Canadian Chapter, will host The Zeitgeist Movement's Global Radio show.

He will talk about the upcoming Zeitgeist media Festival and will look at chapters and their continued goal of reaching the masses through continued awareness campaigns. A couple guests will be on hand to talk about some very effective campaign strategies that they are using for spreading the message of a Resource Based Economy to the global public.

www.blogtalkradio.com/zmglobal/2011/05/04/may-4th-11--the-zm-global-radio-host-cliff-faber

Time: Wed. May 4th at 4pm EDT

ZM

www.thezeitgeistmovement.com

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LIKE IT OR NOT, OUR TIME AS A COUNTRY (United States of America) HAS RUN OUT!

This fellow is spelling out all the things which have taken place and explaining how they all fit together to destroy our FOOD SOURCE and who is behind it.

 Source: Richard Clarke

Everything that I discussed in this video and evidence is posted here:

... CONTINUA.

13. Frank Fournier - Omaira Sanchez

Pe 3 noiembrie 1985, a erupt vulcanul Nevado del Ruiz din Armero, Columbia, iar Omaira Sanchez a stat trei zile in apa, cu picioarele prinse intre betoane si alte resturi rezultate in urma dezastrului. Imaginea a fost facuta cu putin timp inainte ca ea sa moara.
 
14. Evgheni Khaldei - Steagul sovietic pe Reichstag

Imaginea, realizata initial pe 30 aprilie 1945, semnifica infrangerea Germaniei in cel de-al doilea razboi mondial. Cum imaginea initiala fusese facuta noaptea, la 22:40, Khaldei a refacut-o pe 2 mai 1945.

15. Lawrence H. Beitler - Thomas Shipp si Abram Smith, atarnand in spanzuratoare

Pe 7 august 1930, Thomas Shipp si Abram Smith au fost linsati si spanzurati de un copac, iar imaginea cu ei a fost vanduta in sute de copii si a inspirat un poem politic, "Strange Fruit".