Peste 30 de laureati ai Premiului Nobel pentru Pace au semnat in 2008 o scrisoare-apel catre liderii statelor lumii, in ideea sensibilizarii guvernelor si a tuturor celor ce decid, de pe pozitii inalte (dar si responsabile), in legatura cu amenintarile la adresa generatiilor tinere. Organizatia „Salvati Copiii” a facut cunoscut acest document, pe care l-a trimis presedintelui si prim-ministrului Romaniei, ministrului Externelor si ministrului Industriilor si Finantelor.
O amenintare constanta
Educatia este si o parte a peisajului politic si contribuie in mod direct la dezvoltare, pace si stabilitate. Beneficiile educatiei sunt de durata, intrucat copiii care le dobandesc le vor transfera generatiilor urmatoare. De exemplu, un an petrecut in cadrul sistemului de invatamant poate creste veniturile barbatilor si ale femeilor cu o medie de 10%. Dar, pe de alta parte, saracia mareste probabilitatea izbucnirii unui razboi civil care, la randul lui, va creste nivelul de saracie. Copiii sunt in mod special afectati de conflicte. Milioane de fete si baieti cresc inconjurati de violente sau sub amenintarea acestora in tarile vulnerabile, afectate de conflicte (TVAC). Ei cresc fara a avea acces la servicii de baza, inclusiv educatie. Mai mult de jumatate dintre cei 72 milioane de copii din intreaga lume care nu sunt scolarizati (37 milioane) sunt din TVAC, in conditiile in care in aceste tari traieste doar 13% din populatia planetei.
Educatia ca forma de manipulare
Sistemele de invatamant pot fi o forta pentru bunastare, insa ele pot fi folosite si pentru alimentarea tensiunilor sociale. Guvernele pot manipula in mod intentionat cadrele didactice, pentru a-si consolida bazele puterii, dupa cum s-a intamplat in Burundi in anii ’90 si in Germania in anii ’30. Sistemele de invatamant care demonizeaza „dusmanul” sau sprijina mediile educationale violente servesc deseori drept declansatori ai violentelor sociale. Marginalizate si refractare, victimele sau promotorii unui astfel de comportament pot deveni tinte ale unor lideri care cauta sa isi construiasca bazele puterii pe fundatia dezbinarilor sociale existente.
Programa scolara, manualele, politicile educationale, toate pot fi transformate in platforme pentru propaganda. Luand in considerare rolul educatiei in formarea identitatii, continutul educational poate fi manevrat pentru a servi unei functii politice evidente, cu prejudecati privind limba, etnia, religia sau istoria. Daca manualele prezinta diferite grupuri bazandu-se pe stereotipuri sau transformandu-le in „tapi ispasitori”, inseamna ca vor contribui la escaladarea tensiunilor sociale, prin justificarea inegalitatilor. Malitios sau involuntar, profesorii pot transmite prejudecatile impotriva anumitor elevi, prin vorbele sau faptele lor. De exemplu, terminologia a fost un element important care a alimentat diviziunea pe criterii etnice, inaintea genocidului din Ruanda.
Razboi „murdar”: distrugerea scolilor
In tarile care au trait experienta conflictelor sau a razboaielor, sistemul de invatamant este adeseori prima tinta a atacurilor. Ruanda reprezinta un caz bine cunoscut in acest sens. Agentiile ONU si lucratorii care au asigurat asistenta si care au fost martorii genocidului au aratat ca infrastructura scolilor, liceelor si universitatilor s-a numarat printre primele tinte ale atacurilor si au fost fie complet distruse, fie vandalizate. Mai mult, majoritatea cadrelor didactice si a personalului administrativ care au supravietuit conflictului au emigrat in tarile invecinate, au fugit peste granita sau au fost prinsi in exodul refugiatilor. Astfel de situatii se repeta deseori in tarile care trec prin conflicte similare.
Atacurile directe asupra sectorului educational reprezinta o caracteristica a conflictelor din intreaga lume. Numarul raportat al asasinarilor, bombardamentelor si incendierilor scolilor si personalului si cladirilor universitare a crescut in mod dramatic in ultimii trei ani, in toate cazurile, cu exceptia Nepalului. Agentiile care militeaza pentru drepturile omului si alte ONG-uri detin dovezi conform carora sistemul de invatamant este o tinta specifica a rebelilor si a fortelor guvernamentale, in egala masura. Unele grupari rebele ataca scolile si cadrele didactice, pentru ca acestea reprezinta autoritatile guvernului central sau autoritatile locale sau din comunitate.
In raportul „Educatia sub atac”, publicat de UNESCO, se afirma ca atacurile asupra sistemului de invatamant vor continua, in cazul in care comunitatea internationala nu va sprijini „dezvoltarea unui sistem independent de monitorizare la nivelul fiecarei tari, astfel incat sa poata fi analizate si facute publice informatiile privind extinderea si tipul atacurilor, atacatorii si tintele acestora si, acolo unde este posibil, motivele care stau la baza atacurilor. Scolile ar trebui protejate, conform prevederilor unor conventii internationale si conform legislatiei internationale privind drepturile omului, dar, din nefericire, sanctiunile actuale nu sunt suficiente pentru a se asigura ca toate scolile, cadrele didactice si copiii sunt protejati de atacuri.
And the technique they found can change electrical conductivity by factors of well over 100, and heat conductivity by more than threefold.
“It’s a new way of changing and controlling the properties” of materials — in this case a class called percolated composite materials — by controlling their temperature, says Gang Chen, MIT’s Carl Richard Soderberg Professor of Power Engineering and director of the Pappalardo Micro and Nano Engineering Laboratories. Chen is the senior author of a paper describing the process that was published online on April 19 and will appear in a forthcoming issue ofNature Communications. The paper’s lead authors are former MIT visiting scholars Ruiting Zheng of Beijing Normal University and Jinwei Gao of South China Normal University, along with current MIT graduate student Jianjian Wang. The research was partly supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.
The system Chen and his colleagues developed could be applied to many different materials for either thermal or electrical applications. The finding is so novel, Chen says, that the researchers hope some of their peers will respond with an immediate, “I have a use for that!”
An artistic rendering of the suspension as it freezes shows graphite flakes clumping together to form a connected network (dark spiky shapes at center), as they are pushed into place by the crystals that form as the liquid hexadecane surrounding them begins to freeze. Image: Jonathan Tong
One potential use of the new system, Chen explains, is for a fuse to protect electronic circuitry. In that application, the material would conduct electricity with little resistance under normal, room-temperature conditions. But if the circuit begins to heat up, that heat would increase the material’s resistance, until at some threshold temperature it essentially blocks the flow, acting like a blown fuse. But then, instead of needing to be reset, as the circuit cools down the resistance decreases and the circuit automatically resumes its function.
Another possible application is for storing heat, such as from a solar thermal collector system, later using it to heat water or homes or to generate electricity. The system’s much-improved thermal conductivity in the solid state helps it transfer heat.
Essentially, what the researchers did was suspend tiny flakes of one material in a liquid that, like water, forms crystals as it solidifies. For their initial experiments, they used flakes of graphite suspended in liquid hexadecane, but they showed the generality of their process by demonstrating the control of conductivity in other combinations of materials as well. The liquid used in this research has a melting point close to room temperature — advantageous for operations near ambient conditions — but the principle should be applicable for high-temperature use as well.
The process works because when the liquid freezes, the pressure of its forming crystal structure pushes the floating particles into closer contact, increasing their electrical and thermal conductance. When it melts, that pressure is relieved and the conductivity goes down. In their experiments, the researchers used a suspension that contained just 0.2 percent graphite flakes by volume. Such suspensions are remarkably stable: Particles remain suspended indefinitely in the liquid, as was shown by examining a container of the mixture three months after mixing.
By selecting different fluids and different materials suspended within that liquid, the critical temperature at which the change takes place can be adjusted at will, Chen says.
“Using phase change to control the conductivity of nanocomposites is a very clever idea,” says Li Shi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Shi adds that as far as he knows “this is the first report of this novel approach” to producing such a reversible system.
“I think this is a very crucial result,” says Joseph Heremans, professor of physics and of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Ohio State University. “Heat switches exist,” but involve separate parts made of different materials, whereas “here we have a system with no macroscopic moving parts,” he says. “This is excellent work.”
È difficile capire che un oggetto sta cambiando i “connotati”, come il colore, la forma o la luminosità, se lo fa in movimento. Il termine tecnico per definire questo tipo di cecità del nostro cervello al cambiamento è “silencing”, e per avere un’idea di come funzioni basta guardare il video di Jordan Suchow e George Alvarez del Dipartimento di psicologia della Harvard University, vincitore del Best Illusion of the Year Contest 2011, tenutosi lo scorso maggio a Naples, in Florida.
Guardando al centro del video, sul pallino bianco, inizialmente si ha la percezione che le sferette dell’anello che lo circonda stiano cambiando colore, come effettivamente accade. A un certo punto però, l’anello comincia a ruotare e l’impressione è che le palline smettano di cambiare colore. In realtà continuano a farlo, solo che il nostro cervello non riesce più ad averne percezione. “Il silencing dimostra lo stretto accoppiamento tra il movimento e l’aspetto di un oggetto”, hanno spiegato gli autori del video: “Semplicemente cambiando le coordinate retinotopiche, ovvero muovendo l’oggetto o gli occhi, è possibile mettere a tacere la consapevolezza del cambiamento visivo, e far sì che l’oggetto, che una volta appariva palesemente dinamico, all’improvviso sembri statico”.
Insieme ai ricercatori di Harvard, sono saliti sul podio anche Arthur Shapiro ed Erica Dixon dell’American University (Washington DC) e Kai Hamburger dell’Universität Giessen (Germania), che con il loro video hanno raggiunto il secondo posto. La loro illusione ottica mostra che il modo con cui il nostro cervello organizza e raggruppa gli oggetti varia a seconda del colore dello sfondo.
La medaglia di bronzo è andata invece a un ricercatore francese, Mark Wexler, dell’Université Paris. Il suo anello rotante è composto di tante linee che, all’improvviso, sembrano muoversi al contrario. Anche in questo caso si tratta di un’illusione, dovuta solo al cambiamento del pattern di linee che costituiscono l’anello.
Cunoscut in intreaga lume pentru golfurile sale de o frumusete unica, pentru climatul bland si cantecele de dragoste, orasul Neapole este in acelasi timp un adevarat muzeu in aer liber, castelele, bisericile, piatetele si galeriile acoperite fiind adevarate capodopere. Una dintre mandriile arhitecturale ale orasului este Maschio Angioino, o cladire incarcata de istorie. Cunoscuta sub numele „Castel Nuovo”, impunatoarea fortareata a fost construita ca inchisoare, in jurul anului 1280 de catre Angevini. In secolul al XV-lea aragonezii modifica total cladirea schimbandu-i si destinatia.
Restaurata cu multa seriozitate in primii ani ai secolului trecut, ea si-a reluat aerul auster pe care l-a avut initial, arhitectii eliminand mult din incarcatura decoratiilor ulterioare secolului al XV-lea. Castelul a fost primul sediu al Curtii din Anjou, apoi al Curtii Aragoneze si apoi a fost desemnat ca locuinta pentru viceregele spaniol. Constructia impresioneaza mai ales prin turnurile mari, cilindrice, prin zidurile masive si prin aerul sau auster.
Intrarea in aceasta fortareata inexpugnabila constrasteaza cu severitatea zidurilor. A fost inaltata in 1443 la dorinta lui Alfonso I si reprezinta un impunator arc de triumf. Este decorat cu firide si basoreliefuri, executate de sculptori din mai multe orase europene. Aceasta intrare imprumuta constructiei un aer mai primitor, mai prietenesc, umanizand intr-un anume fel severitatea batranului castel. In interior, de un interes deosebit se bucura Capela Palatina sau Capela Sfintei Barbara si vestita Sala a Baronilor. Peretii incaperilor sunt decorati cu fresce din secolul al XIV-lea, admirabil intretinute. Alaturi de acestea au fost expuse opere de Mattia Preti, Solimena, Vincenzo Gemito si Caracciolo. Toate sunt adapostite acum in Muzeo Civico al Castelului Nuovo. De fapt muzeul este acum principala institutie gazduita de Castelul aflat nu departe de tarmul marii, in unul dintre cele mai pitoresti golfuri.
In muzeu este expusa si poarta de bronz, realizata de Guglielmo Monaco, in 1475. In registrul inferior al intrarii, in partea stanga este incastrata o ghiulea de tun. Acest element vorbeste mai bine decat orice despre luptele care s-au dat in jurul vestitului castel. Prin maretia si eleganta sa, face o serioasa concurenta altor constructii vestite din oras, cum ar fi San Elmo, construit in aceeasi perioada sau Palazzu Real. Toate au fost obligate sa infrunte vitregiile istoriei si au ramas neclintite trecand prin anii cei mai tulburi.
Dintre acestea Castelul San Elmo este si el o importanta fortareata, ridicata in Orasul de Jos, pentru a putea observa orice dusman care s-ar fi aratat la orizont. Construit tot de Angevini, in prima jumatate a secolului al XIV-lea, era considerat unul dintre cele mai importante puncte strategice ale orasului. Forma de stea se datoreaza modificarilor executate in timpul ocupatiei aragoneze, respectiv de catre viceregele Pedro de Toledo. Numit initial Belforte a slujit si ca inchisoare militara, pana cand a fost oferit pentru folosirea sa in scopuri civile.
Castelul adaposteste si Biserica San Elmo si Capela Mariei Pilar. De pe terasa impunatoarei constructii ti se ofera o splendida panorama a orasului. De aici poti admira mai bine si vestita Maschio Angioino cu tot ce are ea mai impunator si este ascuns privitorului din afara zidurilor. Cu turnurile crenelate si drumul de straja de deasupra, constructia priveste spre Vezuviu la fel de solemna si tacuta, cu steagurile falfaind in vant.
The catalyst, which is made of molybdenum disulphide nanoparticles grown on graphene, might be a real alternative to expensive platinum in future large-scale industrial and domestic applications.
Hydrogen could be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels, particularly if it is electrochemically produced from ordinary seawater – a huge and abundantly available resource. However, before this can happen, scientists need to make advanced catalysts that increase the efficiency of the electrochemical hydrogen reaction (HER). Today, the most efficient HER catalysts are those made from platinum-group metals, but these are expensive.
Now, Hongjie Dai and colleagues have shown that flexible graphene oxide sheets could provide an ideal substrate for MoS2 nanoparticles. The resulting MoS2/reduced graphene oxide hybrid has a very high electrocatalytic activity for the HER that is superior to MoS2 catalysts synthesized without graphene.
(A) Schematic solvothermal synthesis with GO sheets to afford the MoS2/RGO hybrid. (B) SEM and (inset) TEM images of the MoS2/RGO hybrid. (C) Schematic solvothermal synthesis without any GO sheets, resulting in large, free MoS2 particles. (D) SEM and (inset) TEM images of the free particles. Courtesy: JACS
Catalytic edge sites
Indeed, the researches have measured a HER "Tafel slope" (which indicates the rate of a electrochemical reaction) of 41 mV/decade – a value that far exceeds the activity of previous MoS2 catalysts. This value results from the large number of catalytic edge sites on the tiny MoS2 nanoparticles and the fact that the material couples well to the underlying graphene network.
And that's not all: the hybrid catalyst also has a small overpotential, a large current density and it remains active even after 1000 cycles. "Traditional catalysts such as platinum and palladium, although very efficient, are pricey," Dai told nanotechweb.org. "Given the performance and low cost of the MoS2/RGO hybrid catalyst reported in our paper, we could foresee a possible replacement of these precious metals in future large-scale industrial and domestic applications."
The Stanford researchers made their hybrid catalysts in a solvothermal reaction of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate – (NH4)MoS4 – and hydrazine in a dimethylformaide solution of graphene oxide at 200 °C overnight. During this process, graphene oxide was reduced to RGO, and (NH4)MoS4 was reduced to MoS2on RGO by hydrazine.
"We are now working on improving our catalyst and possibly integrating it into photoelectrochemical reactions," revealed Dai.
The work was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
A startup called TenKsolar, based in Minneapolis, says it can increase the amount of solar power generated on rooftops by 25 to 50 percent, and also reduce the overall cost of solar power by changing the way solar cells are wired together and adding inexpensive reflectors to gather more light.
TenKsolar says its systems can produce power for as little as eight cents a kilowatt-hour in sunny locations. That's significantly more expensive than electricity from typical coal or natural-gas power plants, but it is less than the average price of electricity in the United States.
Solar cells have become more efficient in recent years, but much of the improvement has gone to waste because of the way solar cells are put together in solar panels, the way the panels are wired together, and the way the electricity is converted into AC power for use in homes or on the grid. Typically, the power output from a string of solar cells is limited by the lowest-performing cell. So if a shadow falls on just one cell in a panel, the power output of the whole system drops dramatically. And failure at any point in the string can shut down the whole system.
Dark Mirror: Solar panels (with silver lines) are paired with reflectors (the solid dark material) to increase the amount of power a rooftop array can generate.
TenKsolar has opted for a more complex wiring system—inspired by a reliable type of computer memory known as RAID (for "redundant array of independent disks"), in which hard disks are connected in ways that maintain performance even if some fail. TenKsolar's design allows current to take many different paths through a solar-panel array, thus avoiding bottlenecks at low-performing cells and making it possible to extract far more of the electricity that the cells produce.
The wiring also makes it practical to attach reflectors to solar panels to gather more light. When solar panels are installed on flat roofs, they're typically mounted on racks that angle them toward the sun, and spaced apart to keep them from shading each other over the course of the day. Reflectors increase the amount of light that hits a solar array, but they reflect the sunlight unevenly. So in a conventional solar array, the output is limited by the cell receiving the least amount of reflected light. The new system can capture all the energy from the extra, reflected light. "The small added cost we put in on the electronics is paid back, plus a bunch, from the fact that we basically take in all of this reflected light," says Dallas Meyer, founder and president of TenKsolar. "We've architected a system that's completely redundant from the cell down to the inverter," he says. "If anything fails in the system, it basically has very low impact on the power production of the array."
The reflectors use a film made by 3M that reflects only selected wavelengths of light, reducing visible glare. The material also reflects less infrared light, which can overheat a solar panel and reduce its performance.
Meyer says the system costs about the same as those made by Chinese manufacturers but produces about 50 percent more power for a given roof area. Power output is about 25 percent higher than from the more expensive, high-performance systems made by SunPower, he says.
The new wiring approach does have a drawback: because it's new, the banks that finance solar-power installations may have doubts that the system will last for the duration of the warranty, and this could complicate financing, says Travis Bradford, an industry analyst and president of the Prometheus Institute for Sustainable Development.
TenKSolar, which has so far raised $11 million in venture funding and has the capacity to produce 10 to 12 megawatts of systems a year, is working on partnerships with larger companies to help provide financial backing for guarantees of its products.
Tutto è iniziato poco prima delle cinque del mattino del 27 giugno: 2000 agenti delle forze dell'ordine sono usciti dalle gallerie per forzare i blocchi eretti sulla strada dell'Avanà, il punto d'accesso al futuro cantiere della Tav occupato da migliaia di manifestanti contrari all'alta velocità. Se i lavori faraonici non verranno avviati entro il 30 giugno, l'Italia vedrà sfumare 670 milioni di finanziamenti europei stanziati per avviare la costruzione della nuova linea veloce che dal 2020 dovrebbe collegare Torino a Lione.
Il bilancio della giornata di scontri vede 27 feriti tra le forze dell'ordine, quattro tra i manifestanti e diversi intossicati dai gas lacrimogeni. Dopo l'attacco, i membri dei movimenti della Val di Susa si sono ritirati nel vicino comune di Chiomonte, dove il municipio è stato occupato dalle donne del paese. Da lì ripartiranno, nei prossimi giorni, nuovi blocchi e proteste mirati a far saltare il cantiere Tav e fermare il progetto appaltato alla società Lyon Turin Ferroviarie (Ltf).
Le ragioni che muovono i manifestanti a opporsi da più di 20 anni alla costruzione di una nuova linea ferroviaria ad alta velocità in Val di Susa sono di almeno due nature diverse: una ambientale e l'altra economica.
Già nel 2004, 103 medici della Val di Susa pubblicarono un appello in cui esprimevano forti preoccupazioni per l'incolumità della popolazione locale. I versanti della montagna dove sarà scavato il tunnel di 50 km che collegherà Francia e Italia contengono infatti abbondanti tracce di amianto. La manipolazione e il trasporto dei materiali di scavo potrebbe causare il rilascio delle pericolose fibre che, unite alla diffusione di polveri sottili, contaminerebbero facilmente l'intera valle. Non a caso, nelle vicinanze del cantiere è situata la più grande cava di amianto d'Europa, quella di Balangero, dismessa nel 1826 e mai bonificata (vedi Galileo). Il timore è quello che l'incidenza dei tumori causati dalle fibre - già elevata tra gli abitanti della zona - possa subire un'ulteriore impennata.
Come se non bastasse, l'escavazione dei tunnel richiederebbe enormi quantità d'acqua, che verrebbero drenate dai bacini idrici della zona: un'area caratterizzata da coltivazioni montane tutelate dall'indicazione geografica protetta (Igp). Si calcola che i lavori in Val di Susa drenerebbero dai 65 a 125 milioni di metri cubi d'acqua ogni anno, l'equivalente di quanto consumato da una città con un milione di abitanti. Il rischio di veder prosciugare torrenti, fiumi e pozzi si scontra duramente con la promessa da parte dell'alta velocità di ridurre l'impatto ambientale del trasporto merci. A quanto pare, il risparmio di CO2 emessa dal traffico stradale che verrebbe dirottato sulla nuova linea ferroviaria verrebbe annullato dalle enormi spese energetiche richieste per la realizzazione del cantiere e dalla costosa alimentazione delle nuove motrici.
Oltre alle problematiche ambientali, i cantieri Tav sollevano non pochi dubbi di carattere economico. Secondo un saggio pubblicato nel 2007 da Marco Ponti, ordinario di Economia dei Trasporti al Politecnico di Milano, il progetto della linea Lione-Torino, un affare da 17 miliardi di euro, sovrastimerebbe le aspettative di crescita previste per il traffico merci e passeggeri nell'area subalpina. La Val di Susa, inoltre, viene già attraversata dalla linea ferroviaria internazionale del Frejus, i cui ultimi lavori di ampliamento sono terminati nel 2010. Tuttavia, questa tratta alpina è stata sfruttata negli ultimi tre anni per meno del 25% della sua capacità totale.
La necessità di costruire nuovi e costosissimi tunnel di collegamento con la Francia sembrerebbe quindi una manovra azzardata: perché, piuttosto, non sfruttare al meglio le linee di collegamento già esistenti? Inoltre, secondo gli ultimi dati dell'osservatorio del Dipartimento Federale dei Trasporti svizzero sul traffico merci attraverso i valichi alpini, il volume di scambi attraverso il Frejus sarebbe in costante calo da almeno otto anni, con un picco negativo di 2,2 megatonnellate (Mt) nel 2009. Un dato concreto che getta seri dubbi sulle stime presentate da Ltf: per il 2009, infatti, prevedeva un volume di passaggio merci pari a ben 10 Mt, quasi cinque volte più del reale stato di congestionamento.
Data la complessità del nuovo cantiere che dovrebbe essere avviato in Val di Susa, c'è anche il rischio che i lavori possano subire dei forti rallentamenti. Non sarebbe infatti una novità se la realizzazione della linea ad alta velocità richiedesse più tempo e denaro rispetto a quanto preventivato dai primi progetti. È già successo nel caso delle tratte Roma-Firenze, Firenze-Bologna e Milano-Torino, dove i costi finali hanno superato i preventivi iniziali dalle quattro alle sette volte. Anche nel caso, poi, in cui la tratta Lione-Torino venisse completata in tempi ragionevoli, occorrerebbero altri 26 miliardi di euro per estenderla fino al confine sloveno e completare il corridoio merci che taglierebbe il nord Italia da Est a Ovest. In conclusione, il rapporto costo-benefici non penderebbe affatto a favore della Tav, che al netto produrrebbe un disavanzo di 25 miliardi di euro. Un bel fardello per la stagnante economia italiana.
Il DVD contiene laversione integrale dello spettacolo, così come registrato a Lugano il 16 settembre 2005. Il DVD dispone inoltre deisottotitoli in italiano, in spagnolo(traduzione diXaviera Torres)e in inglese(trad. di Stephen Smith).
La post-produzione è stata realizzata daarcoiris.tv. Il DVD è rilasciato conlicenza Creative Commons "Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo"e lo potete scaricare gratuitamente.
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Come masterizzare l'immagine ISO
Attenzione, per masterizzare il DVD bisogna seguire una procedura un po' particolare, non basta copiare il file immagine sul DVD.
Nel vostro programma per masterizzare CD/DVD, trovate escegliete l'opzione “scrivi immagine ISO”. Č una funzione che quasi tutti i programmi di masterizzazione mettono a disposizione, ad esempio, Nero per Windows, Toast per Mac, Brasero per GNU/Linux.
Chi vuole, nei commenti, puòconsigliare qualche software open source adatto alla masterizzazione di file ISO, indicando anche per quale sistema operativo.
La Teoria
La teoria del vaccino orale antipolio sull'origine dell'AIDS propone che l'epidemia si sia sviluppata a causa di vaccini contaminati, usati nella prima campagna di immunizzazione di massa contro la poliomielite. La teoria risulta plausibile per diverse ragioni:
Esiste una fortissima coincidenza spaziale. I primi casi di AIDS sono stati registrati in Africa Centrale, nella stesse regioni in cui sono stati sperimentati i vaccini Koprowski su più di un milione di persone fra il 1957 e il 1960;
Anche a livello temporale, le coincidenze sono impressionanti. Non ci sono casi documentati di AIDS o d'infezione da HIV prima del 1959. Secoli di commercio di schiavi e sfruttamento coloniale dell'Africa hanno esposto gli Africani e altri a tutte le altre malattie conosciute; è improbabile che l'HIV potesse essere presente e diffondersi in Africa senza essere percepito;
I vaccini antipolio sono prodotti utilizzando reni di scimmia che potrebbero essere stati contaminati da un virus dell'immunodeficienza delle scimmie (SIV) progenitore dell'HIV. La maggior parte delle scimmie Africane sono naturalmente infette da questi virus, ma non si ammalano. I vaccini antipolio non potevano essere testati contro la contaminazione di questa famiglia di virus prima del 1985;
Č diffusamente conosciuto nel mondo medico che un altro virus delle scimmie, l' SV40, è stato trasmesso involontariamente a milioni di persone attraverso i vaccini antipolio. Un lotto specifico del vaccino di Koprowski si è dimostrato essere contaminato da uno sconosciuto virus;
Per permettere a un virus di infettare una specie differente, è consigliabile ridurre la resistenza del sistema immunitario del ricevente. Il vaccino antipolio di Koprowski è stato somministrato a molti neonati con meno di un mese di vita, quando ancora il loro sistema immunitario non era completamente sviluppato. Addirittura, in una sperimentazione, fu somministrata ai bambini una dose 15 volte superiore alla normale per assicurare l'efficacia dell'immunizzazione.
Se la teoria fosse corretta, avrebbe delle serie implicazioni etiche e politiche. In particolare, si pone l'attenzione ai pericoli della trasmissione di agenti patogeni fra specie attraverso le vaccinazioni, gli xenotrapianti (trapianti di organi animali nell'uomo), etc... che potrebbero condurre a nuove varianti di AIDS o a altre nuove malattie.
Tom Curtis: Giornalista americano e autore dell’articolo “L’origine dell’AIDS” (testo in inglese), pubblicato nel 1992 su Rolling Stone.
Bill Hamilton: Biologo dell’evoluzione dell’università di Oxford e professore-ricercatore della Royal Society di Londra. Forse il più eminente sostenitore della teoria del vaccino orale antipolio.
David Ho: “Inventore” degli inibitori della proteasi, una nuova classe di farmaci anti-HIV. Uomo dell’anno 1996 per Time.
Edward Hooper: Autore della più lunga e dettagliata ricerca sull'origine dell'AIDS, culminata con la pubblicazione del libro “The River”, nel 1999. Č il più attivo sostenitore della teoria del vaccino orale antipolio e sulla sua homepage si trova la maggior parte del materiale e ogni aggiornamento (in inglese).homepage di Edward Hooper
Hilary Koprowski: Virologo e inventore di una serie di vaccini orali antipolio sperimentati su larga scala in particolare nell’allora Congo Belga.
Gerasmos Lecatsas: Virologo sudafricano che per primo ha proposto esplicitamente una possibile relazione fra vaccini antipolio e HIV.
Brian Martin: sociologo della scienza dell’Università di Wollongong in Australia. Ha difeso la teoria del vaccino orale antipolio, in quanto caso evidente di soppressione di dissenso. La sua pagina raccoglie la maggior parte della documentazione presente in rete sul tema (in inglese).homepage di Brian Martin
Louis Pascal: filosofo e ricercatore indipendente. Padre "fondatore" della teoria del vaccino orale antipolio, nel 1987. Il suo articolo (testo in inglese) è però stato pubblicato solamente nel 1991.
Albert Sabin: virologo che ha sviluppato una serie di vaccini orali antipolio che ancora oggi vengono utilizzati.
Jonas Salk: virologo che ha sviluppato il primo vaccino antipolio inattivato sicuro ed efficace.Ispirato al 'Cast of Characters' contenuto nel libro di Edward Hooper, “The River”
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Un singur lucru este sigur: nu va cadea in America de Nord.
Satelitul UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) va reintra necontrolat in atmosfera Pamantului astazi. Expertii spun ca este prea devreme pentru a stii unde anume va pica aparatul de 6.5 tone si ca vor afla exact cu aproximativ doua ore inainte de impact. Ei au reusit, insa, sa afle ca resturile satelitului nu vor cadea in America de Nord, intrucat nu va fi deasupra continentului in acea perioada, potrivit Realitatea TV.
Intre timp, NASA si US Air Force monitorizeaza cu atentie satelitul si orbita sa.
"Cu modelele noastre, incercam sa ne dam seama ce parti ale satelitului - ce materiale - vor interactiona cu atmosfera, care se vor topi si care vor supravietui", a declarat Mark Matney de la NASA pentru space.com.
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is an orbital observatory whose mission was to study the Earth’s atmosphere, particularly the protective ozone layer. Operator NASA Major contractors Lockheed Martin Mission type Earth observation Satellite of Earth Orbital insertion date 1991-09-15 Launch date 1991-09-12, 23:11:04 UTC Carrier rocket Space Shuttle Discovery STS-48 Launch site Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A Mission duration 14 years, 91 days COSPAR ID 1991-063B Homepage http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Mass 5,900 kg (13,000 lb) Power 1600.0 W Batteries 3 x 50 A-hour batteries Orbital elements Semimajor axis 600 km Eccentricity 0° Inclination 56.97999954223633° Apoapsis 575.0 km Periapsis 574.0 km Orbital period 95.9 minutes
Predictiile NASA asupra zonei in care se va prabusi satelitul cuprind o mare parte a planetei, oriunde intre latitudinile Canadei si Americii de Sud.
"Structura nu este perfect sferica, asa ca atunci cand se va incalzi, va incepe sa se sparga in bucati. Atunci vom putea stii unde vor cadea", a spus Ray Williamson de la Secure World Foundation, o organizatie dedicata utilizarii in siguranta a spatiului.
Specialistii NASA estimeaza ca satelitul de marimea unui autobuz se va dezintegra in cel putin 26 de bucati. Aproximativ 532 kg de material vor ajunge pe pamant. Aceste ramasite se vor imprastia pe un teritoriu de circa 804 km lungime. Expertii subliniaza ca sansele ca bucatile sa cada intr-un oras sunt extrem de mici. Cel mai probabil vor pica in apa sau in zone nelocuite.
NASA a calculat ca sansele ca un om sa fie lovit de o bucata din satelitul UARS sunt de 1 la cateva trilioane. Daca insa gasiti o bucata din satelit, cel mai bine este sa o lasati acolo, sa nu o atingeti si sa chemati autoritatile.
Dezintegrarea satelitului va oferi un spectacol luminos pe cer, daca va avea loc in timpul noptii, care va rivaliza cu stralucirea Lunii. Daca evenimentul va avea loc in timpul zilei, va fi greu vizibil.
Case in point, a new article in the Nature Nanotechnology journal details a new nanostructure-based cathode technology developed in Illinois University professor Paul Braun's lab. This new cathode allows extremely fast charging and discharging to the tune of 400C for lithium-ion and 1,000C for NiMH batteries. For those of you who never got into an electric-powered hobby, the "C" simply means the charge (or discharge) rate where 1C equals a charge in one hour. 400C means a full charge in 1/400 of an hour (9 seconds!). Braun figures this translates to practical lithium-ion batteries that could be recharged to 90 percent in two minutes.
With modern lithium-ion batteries on the market today, the ability to charge and discharge rapidly often results in reduced capacity, meaning less range in an EV. This new cathode, however, supposedly does not affect the total capacity, leaving the battery with, as Paul Braun puts, "capacitor-like power with battery-like energy".
It's worth taking a step back at this point and realizing that even if batteries like this were available right now, there is little to no infrastructure in place to allow for recharging at these high power levels. However, having a huge increase in discharge power-density would immediately allow hybrids and plug-ins to have a ton of power available from even a very small pack. This could give new meaning and life to the 'sport hybrid' segment, which we'd be all for.
Peste 30 de laureati ai Premiului Nobel pentru Pace au semnat in 2008 o scrisoare-apel catre liderii statelor lumii, in ideea sensibilizarii guvernelor si a tuturor celor ce decid, de pe pozitii inalte (dar si responsabile), in legatura cu amenintarile la adresa generatiilor tinere. Organizatia „Salvati Copiii” a facut cunoscut acest document, pe care l-a trimis presedintelui si prim-ministrului Romaniei, ministrului Externelor si ministrului Industriilor si Finantelor.
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Cunoscut in intreaga lume pentru golfurile sale de o frumusete unica, pentru climatul bland si cantecele de dragoste, orasul Neapole este in acelasi timp un adevarat muzeu in aer liber, castelele, bisericile, piatetele si galeriile acoperite fiind adevarate capodopere. Una dintre mandriile arhitecturale ale orasului este Maschio Angioino, o cladire incarcata de istorie. Cunoscuta sub numele „Castel Nuovo”, impunatoarea fortareata a fost construita ca inchisoare, in jurul anului 1280 de catre Angevini. In secolul al XV-lea aragonezii modifica total cladirea schimbandu-i si destinatia.
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La teoria del vaccino orale antipolio sull'origine dell'AIDS propone che l'epidemia si sia sviluppata a causa di vaccini contaminati, usati nella prima campagna di immunizzazione di massa contro la poliomielite. La teoria risulta plausibile per diverse ragioni:
Tom Curtis: Giornalista americano e autore dell’articolo “L’origine dell’AIDS” (
Hilary Koprowski: Virologo e inventore di una serie di vaccini orali antipolio sperimentati su larga scala in particolare nell’allora Congo Belga.
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